Rachel Parker Plummer Memoir

The first half of the book is James Parker's story of traveling to find Rachel and the others taken during the Raid on Fort Parker. But the second half is Rachel's account of her time with the Comanche. The first part was read very mundane and it was kind of difficult to get through parts that weren't too drama filled. Rachel Parker Plummer, who survived 21 months of Indian captivity (possibly among the Shoshone in south-western Wyoming, rather than the Comanches as she believed), watched as her uncle Benjamin was surrounded, clubbed, impaled with lances, shot with arrows, then scalped.

History

On May 19, 1836, a large party of Native Americans, including Comanches, Kiowas, Caddos, and Wichitas, attacked the inhabitants of Fort Parker. In her memoir, Rachel Plummer wrote that 'one minute the fields (in front of the fort) were clear, and the next moment, more indians than I.

Fort Parker was established about two miles (3 km) north of present-day Groesbeck, Limestone County, Texas, USA by Elder John Parker (1758–1836), his sons, Benjamin, Silas and James, plus other members of the Pilgrim Predestinarian Baptist Church of Crawford County, Illinois. Led by John and Daniel Parker, they came to Texas in 1833. Daniel's party first settled in Grimes County, then later moved to Anderson County near present-day Elkhart and established Pilgrim Church. Elder John Parker's group settled near the headwaters of the Navasota River, and built a fort for protection against Native Americans. It was completed in March 1834. Fort Parker's 12 foot (4 m) high log walls enclosed four acres (16,000 m²). Blockhouses were placed on two corners for lookouts, and six cabins were attached to the inside walls. The fort had two entrances, a large double gate facing south, and a small gate for easy access to the spring. Most of the residents of the fort were part of the extended family of John and Sarah Parker.

In her memoir, Rachel Plummer wrote that 'one minute the fields (in front of the fort) were clear, and the next moment, more indians than I dreamed possible were in front of the fort.' One of the Indians approached the fort with a white flag. No one believed the flag was genuine.
It is thought that she was buried at Plummer Cemetery, but there is no marker there for her. Rachel and LTM married on May 28, 1833, in Illinois, and came with her family to Texas. They settled in what is now Limestone County and built Fort Parker. Fort Parker was attacked on May 19, 1836, while the men were working the fields.

The massacre

Soon the settlers were making their homes and farming the land. Several had built cabins on their farms, and used the fort for protection. Peace treaties were made with surrounding Native American chiefs. Perhaps the Fort Parker inhabitants expected that other tribes would honor the treaties as well. The Fort Parker inhabitants had also allowed a Texas Ranger company to use the Fort, perhaps not understanding that many Native Americans regarded the Rangers with hatred for their Indian fighting.

One of the Indians approached the fort with a white flag. No one believed the flag was genuine. Silas Parker wanted the five men present to man the walls and fight as best they could. Benjamin Parker felt that by going out he could buy time for the majority of the women and children to flee out the back (small) gate. He felt that there was simply no way that five men would be able to hold the Indians out more than a second or two, as they could use ropes to scale the walls. He felt that the war party would then kill everyone in the fort, and the unsuspecting men in the fields. He argued with Silas that they had to barter their lives for time for everyone else. Their father agreed with Benjamin.

Benjamin knew he was going to be killed. According to Rachel Plummer's account, Benjamin returned to the fort, after his first talk with the war party, and told his brother and father that he believed they would all be killed, and that they should run swiftly to the woods. Silas again argued with him, telling him they should push the big gate shut, and man the walls. Ben pointed out, rightly, Rachel said, that there was no time, and their 'course was decided.' He told her, 'run little Rachel, for your life and your unborn child, run now and fast!' She said he then straightened up and went back outside. She recounted how Silas told her to watch the front gate, after Benjamin had gone out to talk to the Indians the second time, when she herself wanted to flee, while he ran for his musket and powder pouch. “They will kill Benjamin,” she reported her Uncle Silas saying, “and then me, but I will do for at least one of them, by God.” At that moment, she said she heard whooping outside the fort, and then Indians were inside.

The 3–5 minutes bought enough time that the majority of the women and children did get away. Rachel Plummer, who was pregnant, was afraid she would not be able to keep up while carrying her two-year-old son, and so she stayed in the fort. She began running after seeing the Indians come into the fort, holding her little boy's hand, while behind her she said she saw Indians stabbing Benjamin with their lances, and then she heard “Uncle Silas shout defiance as though he had a thousand men with him. Alas, he was alone, and soon dead.” Lucy Parker, who also had a small child, stopped to argue with her husband Silas, begging him to come with her. Elizabeth Duty Kellogg stopped to gather up their savings, $100 in coins, before she attempted to escape.

Benjamin Parker was killed, and before the fort's gates could be closed, the raiders rushed inside. Silas Parker, who was outside with his brother, was killed before he was able to get back inside the gate. Samuel Frost and his son Robert were killed inside the gate, as they attempted to flee. John Parker's genitals were cut off and he was then scalped. His wife came out of the woods when she saw his torture and was captured. Lucy Parker and her youngest two children were initially captured but were rescued by Luther Plummer as he ran up to the fort from the fields. Her two oldest children, however, along with Luther's wife (Rachel) and son, and Elizabeth Kellogg were successfully kidnapped.

In all, five men were killed, some were left for dead, two women and three children were captured, and the rest escaped into the wilderness.

Fort Parker inhabitants on May 19, 1836

Rachel Plummer Comanche

Elder John Parker (aged 77, killed) and 2nd wife, Sarah (Pinson) Duty 'Granny' Parker, injured
Daniel Parker
Benjamin Parker (killed)
James W. Parker and wife, Martha 'Patsey' Duty
Rachel Plummer (aged 17, captured) and husband, L. T. M. Plummer
James Pratt Plummer (aged 1, captured)
Sarah Parker (aged 18) and husband, Lorenzo Dow Nixon
James Wilson Parker (aged 5)
Francis Marion Parker (aged 4)
Silas Parker (killed) and wife, Lucinda Duty
Cynthia Ann Parker (aged 8, captured)
John Richard Parker (aged ca 5, captured)
Silas Parker, Jr. (aged 3)
Orlena Parker (aged 4 mos)
Isaac Parker
Elizabeth Duty Kellogg (captured, daughter of Sarah Duty Parker)
Elisha Anglin
Abram Anglin
Seth Bates
Silas Bates
George E.Dwight and wife Malinda Frost Dwight
Elizabeth Dwight
David Falkenbury
Evan Falkenbury
Samuel Frost (killed) and wife
Robert Frost (killed)
other Frost children
Oliver Lund
Note: Killed were Samuel Frost, Robert Frost, Benjamin Parker, John Parker, and Silas Parker. Captured were Elizabeth Kellogg, Cynthia Ann Parker, John R. Parker, Rachel Plummer, and James Pratt Plummer; all of them were later ransomed or freed. Their captivity took several years, except Mrs. Kellogg, who was ransomed within 3 months. Among the tortures the captives suffered, the women were repeatedly raped by their captors.

Captured inhabitants

Rachel Plummer's Narrative

Cynthia Ann Parker
One of the captives was a nine-year-old girl, Cynthia Ann Parker, daughter of Silas and Lucinda (Duty) Parker. Cynthia Ann lived with the Comanches for nearly 25 years. She married Comanche chief Peta Nocona and was the mother of three children, including Quanah Parker. In 1860, she was among a Native American party captured by Texas Rangers at the Battle of Pease River. Ironically, Cynthia Parker was the victim of two massacres which destroyed her life. The first, the attack on Fort Parker in 1836, killed her father and left her among the Comanche for nearly 25 years. The second, a massacre of the Comanche Band of her husband, the Noconis, at the Battle of Pease River left her a prisoner among the whites. She was identified by her uncle, Isaac Parker, and returned to her family. Cynthia Ann never readjusted to the Anglo society, and died at the age of 43 in 1870 after starving herself to death after her daughter, Prairie Flower, had caught influenza and died from pneumonia. She was originally buried with her daughter in Fosterville Cemetery in Anderson County near Frankston, but her son, Quanah, had her re-interred, and reburied next to him at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

John Richard Parker
Cynthia Ann's brother John Richard Parker was ransomed back in 1842 along with his cousin, James Pratt Plummer. He was unable to adapt to white society and ran back to the Comanche. He later was left to die after he contracted smallpox during a Comanche raid into Mexico. The war party left a captive Mexican girl to care for him, and he restored her to her family after recovering, and spent the remainder of his life in Old Mexico after marrying her. During the American Civil War, he served in a Mexican Company within the Confederate Army. He later lived as stockman and rancher in Mexico, where he died in 1915.

Rachel Plummer
Rachel Plummer, the 17-year-old wife of Luther Plummer, daughter of James Parker, and cousin to Cynthia Parker and her brother John, was held captive by the Comanche for two years before being ransomed by her father. Her book on her captivity, Rachael Plummer's Narrative of Twenty One Months Servitude as a Prisoner Among the Comanchee Indians, was issued in Houston in 1838. This was the first narrative about a captive of Texas Indians published in the Republic of Texas, and it was a sensation not just there, but throughout the United States and even abroad. Rachel died in 1840, in childbirth, a year after being ransomed.

White Captives Of Comanche Indians

James Pratt Plummer
James Pratt, son of Luther Martin Thomas Plummer and Rachel Parker Plummer, was separated from his mother (who never knew about his further fate) and was soon given away to another Comanche band. Late in 1842 he was ransomed and in 1843 reunited with his grandfather James W. Parker. Parker refused to return his grandson to his father, claiming that Luther Plummer had not even paid his ransom. Even when the latter appealed successfully to the Governor of Texas, Parker refused to return his grandson. Luther Plummer, meanwhile remarried and father of another child, did then not pursue the matter. James Pratt Plummer married twice and had four children. He died of pneumonia while serving with the Confederate Army in 1862.

A NON-REVISED HISTORY UPDATE ABOUT THE REVEREND JAMES PARKER: Former Dallas Morning News columnist Frank X. Tolbert in his book 'An Informal History of Texas' and in the chapter 'Was Uncle James (Parker) The Villain' had an entirely different take on Reverend Parker. In fact, in that chapter Sam Houston communicated to Luther Plummer in a letter that 'Reverend Parker had quite a bad reputation with most all he ever had business dealings.' Sam Houston did not trust the judgement of Parker and could not believe that he would not return James Pratt Plummer to his natural father.. 'An Informal History of Texas' published,1961, Harper,New York

Elizabeth Duty Kellogg
In late May 1836, Elizabeth Kellogg was taken by a band of Kichai Indians, which she took for 'Kitchawas'. In summer, Delaware Indians purchased Mrs. Kellogg and sold her to her brother-in-law James W. Parker in August 1836 for 150 dollars (the money was sent by Sam Houston). She was reunited with her sister Martha 'Patsey' Duty on September 6, 1836.

People closely related to the fate of the captured inhabitants

James W. Parker
James W. Parker, who was working in the fields when the raid began, spent much of the rest of his life, and most of his fortune, searching for his daughter Rachel, his grandson James, his niece Cynthia, and his nephew John Richard. After many near-death escapes, he finally settled with his family. John Wayne's character Ethan Edwards, in the John Ford Western The Searchers, was modeled by author Alan Le May after Parker and others affected by child abductions.

Former Dallas Morning News columnist Frank X. Tolbert in his book An Informal History of Texas entitled one of his book's chapters 'Was Uncle James (Parker) The Villain' which expressed an entirely different take on the reverend. James W. Parker was Cynthia Ann Parker's uncle, Rachel Plummer's father, and son James Pratt Plummer's grandfather. Sam Houston responded to 'Luther' Thomas Martin Plummer in a letter that: 'Reverend Parker had quite a bad reputation with most all he ever had business dealings.' Houston did not trust the judgement of Parker and as that chapter of Tolbert's book relates Houston just could not believe that Reverend Parker would not return James Pratt Plummer to his natural father.

Quanah Parker
Quanah Parker, son of Cynthia Ann Parker, became a leader among the Quahadi Comanches. After most of the Comanches and other tribes on the Staked Plains were defeated, Parker and his group surrendered to authorities and were forced to an Indian reservation in Oklahoma territory. The Quahadis were the very last tribe left on the Staked Plains. Quanah Parker was made chief of all the Comanche tribes on the reservation. Shortly before his own death in 1911, he arranged for the disinterment of his mother and sister and had them reburied in a plot next to his own at the Post Oak Cemetery near Cache, Oklahoma. Congress passed a special allotment to fund the reburial. The three were moved in 1957 to the Fort Sill military cemetery in Oklahoma.

(Source: Wikipedia )

SEE MORE ABOUT CYNTHIA PARKER AT THE FOARD COUNTY TEXAS GENEALOGY TRAILS WEBSITE

Rachel Parker Plummer, Indian captive, daughter of Martha Patsy (Duty) and James W. Parker, was born in Illinois on March 22, 1819. The family lived in what was then Clark County, Illinois, for about eleven years. After three of his children died from disease, Parker decided to leave Illinois. The Parkers stayed a short while in Arkansas before moving with other members of their family to Texas in the winter of 1832 or 1833. Parker was a Baptist minister, and most of the members in the group were Baptists. The family lived for short periods on the Angelina, Colorado, and Brazos rivers, then settled on the Navasota River in the fall of 1833. On May 28, 1833, Rachel married Luther Thomas Martin Plummer. On January 6, 1835, they had a son, James Pratt. On April 1, 1835, Luther Plummer received a large grant of land now in Limestone County. Two other members of the Parker family received grants at the same time.

Fort Parker, built the same year, was attacked on May 19, 1836, by a large group of Indians, mainly Comanches. Five inhabitants of the fort were massacred, one was wounded, and five others were taken captive: Rachel and James Pratt Plummer, Cynthia Ann and John Parker, and Mrs. Elizabeth Kellogg. Cynthia Ann and John Parker were Rachel's cousins, and Elizabeth Kellogg was her aunt. Soon after their abduction, the captives were separated. Mrs. Kellogg was taken by a band of Kichai Indians, and John and Cynthia Ann were taken by a band of Comanches. When the Comanches learned that James Pratt had been weaned, he was taken from Rachel, and she never saw him again. Rachel, who became a slave to the Comanches, was beaten, burned, and deprived of sufficient clothing. In order to finish her assigned tasks she often had to work all day and most of the night. The Comanche band never stayed more than three or four days in one place except in extremely cold weather, when they would stay until the weather changed. Rachel traveled thousands of miles with the Comanches as they wandered from the headwaters of the Arkansas River to the Wichita Mountains. She was pregnant at the time of her capture; she bore a second son about October 1836 and named him Luther. The Indians thought that the baby was interfering with Rachel's work, so they killed him when he was about six weeks old. Rachel was held captive by the Comanches for thirteen months. The Comanches were camped north of Santa Fe when they were approached by Mexican traders who wanted to ransom Rachel. She was sold to them on June 19, 1837. Her rescue had been arranged by Col. and Mrs. William Donaho, to whom she was delivered in Santa Fe after a journey of seventeen days. Several weeks after her arrival, the Donahos, fearing trouble with the Mexicans, fled some 800 miles to Independence, Missouri, taking Rachel with them. Several months later, Rachel's brother-in-law, Lorenzo D. Nixon, escorted her back to Texas, where she was reunited with her husband on February 19, 1838. She was emaciated, covered with scars, and in very poor health.

She wrote an account of her captivity entitled Rachael Plummer's Narrative of Twenty One Months Servitude as a Prisoner Among the Commanchee Indians, which was issued in Houston in 1838. This was the first narrative about a captive of Texas Indians published in Texas. In 1844 James W. Parker published a revised edition as an appendix to his Narrative of the Perilous Adventures, Miraculous Escapes and Sufferings of Rev. James W. Parker. Rachel bore a third child on January 4, 1839, and died in Houston shortly thereafter, on March 19, 1839; the child died two days later. Late in 1842 James Pratt Plummer was ransomed, and in 1843 he was reunited with his family. He married twice and fathered four children. While serving in the Confederate Army he died, on November 17, 1862, at Little Rock, Arkansas, of pneumonia brought on by typhoid fever.